Omega-3 fatty acids upregulate Nrf2 expression and attenuate apoptosis, inflammation, and fibrosis in a rat model of cyclosporine-induced nephropathy / 고신대학교의과대학학술지

Background@#Cyclosporine A (CsA)-induced kidney injury is characterized by renal impairment with inflammatory cell infiltrations, apoptosis, fibrosis, and hypoxic injury. It is not clear whether omega-3 fatty acids (O-3 FAs), which have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant roles, affect nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) expression. The aim of this study was to investigate whether O-3 FAs affect Nrf2 expression and exert anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and anti-fibrotic effects in CsA-induced nephropathy. @*Methods@#Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into control, CsA-treated, and CsA-treated with O-3 FA groups. Nrf2 expression was measured by Western blots and immunohistochemical staining. @*Results@#Kidney function was impaired in the CsA-treated rats compared to the controls. Caspase-3 and caspase-7 were activated in the CsA-treated group, and the Bax/Bcl2 ratio was higher. O-3 FAs attenuated these apoptosis-related changes. ED-1 and inhibition of kappa B (IĸB) protein expression were significantly upregulated in the CsA-treated group. Compared to the control group, O-3 FA supplementation attenuated the increased expression of ED-1 and IĸB related to inflammation. Smad2/3, Smad4, and transforming growth factor-β1 were activated in the CsA group, and O-3 FA treatment prevented these changes related to renal fibrosis. The expression of Nrf2 was reduced in CsA-treated rats, but Nrf-2 was increased by O-3 FA treatment. @*Conclusions@#We suggest that Nrf2 is a potential mediator induced by O-3 FA supplementation and that it attenuates pro-inflammatory pathways, fibrotic processes, and apoptosis. Further studies are needed to elucidate the crosstalk between Nrf2 expression and signals related to O-3 FA treatment.

Dietary education may reduce blood cadmium and mercury levels in chronic kidney disease patients with higher blood cadmium and mercury levels / 고신대학교의과대학학술지

Background@#Exposure to cadmium and mercury is associated with renal dysfunction. This study aimed to investigate the possible ability of dietary education to decrease blood cadmium and mercury levels in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). @*Methods@#Twenty-seven patients with CKD were enrolled in this prospective, single-arm pilot study. Patients with blood cadmium levels ≥1.4 μg/L were instructed to reduce their intake of shellfish, while those with blood mercury levels ≥5.0 μg/L were asked to reduce their intake of externally blue-colored fish. @*Results@#Seven dialysis patients and 15 pre-dialysis patients completed the study. Compared with baseline, the blood cadmium (2.0±0.7 μg/L vs. 1.8±0.7 μg/L, p=0.031) and mercury levels (4.4±2.6 μg/L vs. 3.5±1.9 μg/L, p=0.005) after 1 year significantly decreased, although the dietary intake was not significantly different in patients with blood cadmium levels ≥1.4 μg/L and blood mercury levels ≥5.0 μg/L. In pre-dialysis patients, kidney function worsened after 1 year compared with that at baseline despite the reduction in blood cadmium and mercury levels. @*Conclusions@#Reduction of food intake containing cadmium and mercury may lower the blood cadmium and mercury levels in CKD patients with higher cadmium and mercury levels. Higher blood cadmium levels may cause renal disease progression in pre-dialysis patients, and further studies are necessary to determine the underlying mechanisms.

Effect of pravastatin on erythrocyte membrane fatty acid contents in patients with chronic kidney disease

Background@#Statin treatment has decreased the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Erythrocyte membrane oleic acid level is higher in patients with acute coronary syndrome. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of pravastatin on the erythrocyte membrane fatty acid (FA) contents in patients with CKD. @*Methods@#Sixty-two patients were enrolled from January 2017 to March 2019 (NCT02992548). Pravastatin was initially administered at a dose of 20 mg for 24 weeks. The pravastatin dose was increased to 40 mg after 12 weeks if it was necessary to control dyslipidemia. The primary outcome was change in erythrocyte membrane FA, including oleic acid, after pravastatin treatment for 24 weeks. @*Results@#Forty-five patients finished this study, and there was no adverse effect related to pravastatin. Compared with baseline, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were significantly decreased after pravastatin treatment. Compared with baseline, saturated FA, oleic acid, and arachidonic acid levels were significantly increased and polyunsaturated FA and linoleic acid (LA) levels were significantly decreased after pravastatin treatment. There was also a decrease in eicosapentaenoic acid after pravastatin treatment in CKD patients with estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m2. @*Conclusion@#Administration of pravastatin in patients with CKD leads to a decrease in FA known to be protective against the risk of CVD. Omega-3 FA or LA supplementation might be necessary to recover changes in erythrocyte membrane FA contents when pravastatin is used for treating dyslipidemia in patients with CKD.

Serum myostatin levels are associated with abdominal aortic calcification in dialysis patients

BACKGROUND: Serum myostatin levels are increased according to renal function decline and myostatin may be a main mediator of chronic kidney disease–related sarcopenia. A previous study reported that serum myostatin level was negatively associated with abdominal aortic calcification (AAC) in older males. The aim of this study was to assess the association between serum myostatin level and AAC among dialysis patients of both sexes. In addition, we analyzed the relationship between serum myostatin level, muscle mass, and bone mineral density (BMD).METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, we evaluated AAC in the lateral lumbar spine using plain radiography and BMD in 71 patients undergoing dialysis. We classified patients into two groups according to the median value of myostatin as follows: those with high myostatin levels (≥ 5.0 ng/mL) and those with low myostatin levels (< 5.0 ng/mL).RESULTS: The proportion of patients with an AAC score of five points or more was higher among those with low myostatin levels. Myostatin level was negatively associated with AAC scores on plain radiography and had a positive association with skeletal muscle mass and T-scores for BMD measured at the total hip and femur neck. Lower myostatin levels were independently associated with higher AAC scores following adjustment for age, sex, diabetes mellitus, dialysis vintage, dialysis modality, and osteoprotegerin level.CONCLUSION: Lower serum myostatin levels were associated with higher AAC scores, lower muscle mass, and lower BMD in dialysis patients. Further, prospective studies and those with larger cohorts are necessary to validate these findings.

Supplementary nutrients for prevention of vascular calcification in patients with chronic kidney disease

Vascular calcification (VC) and malnutrition associated with cardiovascular disease are common in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) treated with dialysis. VC, which reflects vascular aging, and malnutrition are also encountered in the non-CKD elderly population. This similarity of clinical findings suggests that the progression of CKD is related to aging and the existence of a causal relationship between VC and malnutrition. To retard renal progression, a low- or very-low-protein diet is usually recommended for CKD patients. Dietary education may induce malnutrition and deficiency of important nutrients, such as vitamins K and D. Menaquinone-7, a type of vitamin Kâ‚‚, is under investigation for inhibiting VC in elderly patients without CKD, as well as for prevention of VC in patients with CKD. Nutritional vitamin D, such as cholecalciferol, may be considered to decrease the required dose of active vitamin D, which increases the risk of VC due to increased calcium and phosphate loads. Omega-3 fatty acids are important nutrients and their ability to inhibit VC needs to be evaluated in clinical trials. This review focuses on the ability of supplementary nutrients to prevent VC in patients with CKD, in whom dietary restriction is essential.

A Case of Steroid Resistant Minimal Change Disease Associated with Portal Vein Thrombosis Treated by Combined Immunosuppressive Agents / 고신대학교의과대학학술지

Minimal change disease (MCD) is a common cause of nephrotic syndrome and relatively well responds with steroid treatment. However, nearly half of patients with MCD experience recurrence of nephrotic syndrome. Thromboembolic events including renal vein thrombosis may occur in patients with MCD, but portal vein thrombosis rarely occurs. We experienced a case of frequent relapse/steroid dependent MCD with nephrotic syndrome progressed to steroid resistance associated with portal vein thrombosis. This patient showed complete remission of MCD and resolution of portal vein thrombosis after treatment with corticosteroid, cyclosporine, mycophenolate mofetil, and anticoagulant.

A Case of Lactate Containing Peritoneal Dialysis Solution Induced Lactic Acidosis Corrected by Changing to Hemodialysis / 고신대학교의과대학학술지

Elevated lactate levels are associated with acute illnesses, and the mortality is high. Here, we report a case of lactate-containing peritoneal dialysis (PD) solution inducing lactic acidosis corrected by changing to hemodialysis (HD). This 70-year-old female patient was treated with PD 8 months previously for end-stage renal disease caused by diabetes mellitus. She was admitted complaining of general weakness. Initial lactate level was 22.1 mg/dL and increased to 62.4 mg/dL showing high anion gap metabolic acidosis and compensatory hyperventilation. There are no definite causes of lactic acidosis besides the use of PD solutions containing a lactate component. The patient's lactate level was decreased after temporarily changing the dialysis modality to HD. Her lactate level was increased again after restarting PD, and decreased to normal after restarting HD. We report this case because physicians should consider lactate-containing PD solution as a possible cause of lactic acidosis.

Resistive index as a predictor of renal progression in patients with moderate renal dysfunction regardless of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor antagonist medication

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that a higher resistive index (RI) on renal duplex ultrasonography was related with renal progression and acute kidney injury, especially in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) using an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) or angiotensin receptor antagonist (ARB). We evaluated whether a RI value is a predictive factor for renal progression regardless of ACEI or ARB medication in patients with moderate renal dysfunction. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 119 patients with moderate renal dysfunction that had been evaluated with renal duplex ultrasonography from February 2011 to April 2015. Moderate renal dysfunction was defined as a stage 3 to 4 CKD. Renal progression was defined as a doubling of the baseline serum creatinine (sCr), a decrease of baseline glomerular filtration rate by > 50%, or initiation of renal replacement therapy. RESULTS: The mean age was 64.7 ± 11.0 years and sCr level was 2.1 ± 1.2 mg/dL. The RI ≥ 0.79 group showed a higher incidence of renal progression (P = 0.004, log-rank test) compared with the RI < 0.79 group, irrespective of ACEI or ARB usage. In the Cox proportional hazard model, RI ≥ 0.79 was an independent prognostic factor after adjusting for age, sex, diabetes mellitus, sCr, proteinuria, and use of ACEI or ARB (hazard ratio, 4.88; 95% confidence interval, 1.06–22.53; P = 0.043). CONCLUSION: RI ≥ 0.79 on the renal duplex ultrasonography can be a helpful predictor for renal progression in patients with moderate renal dysfunction, regardless of their ACEI or ARB usage.

DRESS syndrome with acute interstitial nephritis caused by quinolone and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs / 영남의대학술지

Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome is a rare and severe drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome characterized by hematological abnormalities and multiorgan involvement. Liver involvement is the most common visceral manifestation. However, renal failure has been rarely described. The common culprit drugs are anticonvulsants and allopurinol. We experienced a patient with DRESS syndrome with acute interstitial nephritis caused by concomitant administration of quinolone and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). A 41-year-old man presented with a diffuse erythematous rash and fever which developed after administration of quinolone and NSAIDs for a month due to prostatitis. He was diagnosed with DRESS syndrome. Skin rash, fever, eosinophilia, and elevations of liver enzymes improved with conservative treatment and discontinuation of the causative drugs. However, deterioration of his renal function occurred on day 8 of admission. The levels of blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine increased and oliguria, proteinuria and urinary eosinophils were observed. Ultrasonography showed diffuse renal enlargement. The clinical features were compatible with acute interstitial nephritis. Despite intravenous rehydration and diuretics, renal function did not improve. After hemodialysis, his renal function recovered completely within 2 weeks without administration of systemic corticosteroid.

Comparison of exit site infection and peritonitis incidences between povidone-iodine and normal saline use for chronic exit site care in peritoneal dialysis patients

BACKGROUND: Catheter-related exit site infection is a major risk factor for the development of peritonitis and can contribute to failure of treatment maintenance in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. Although povidone-iodine can be used for exit site care, the irritation induced by the local application of povidone-iodine could lead to secondary infection. Therefore, we evaluated the clinical effectiveness of normal saline compared with povidone-iodine as a method of exit site care in chronic PD patients. METHODS: In all, 126 patients undergoing PD treatment for>46 months between January 2006 and December 2009 were enrolled. Data were retrospectively analyzed for the incidence of exit site infection and peritonitis for 2 years prior to and after December 2007. In addition, we identified the incidences of catheter- related infections during follow-ups from January 2010 to December 2013. RESULTS: The participants' mean age was 58.87+/-12.9 years. The incidences of exit site infection and peritonitis were one episode per 64.6 patients-months and one episode per 40.4 patients-months in the povidone-iodine group, respectively, whereas these were one episode per 57.5 patients-months and one episode per 45.6 patients-months in the normal saline group, respectively. Whereas Gram-positive bacteria most frequently caused catheter-related infections in both groups, culture-negative infections were dominant in the normal saline group. CONCLUSION: Exit site care using normal saline did not increase the incidence of exit site infection and peritonitis. Therefore, normal saline may be an alternative treatment for exit site care in patients receiving PD.

Effects of low-dose niacin on dyslipidemia and serum phosphorus in patients with chronic kidney disease

BACKGROUND: Niacin supplementation improves dyslipidemia and lowers serum phosphorus levels in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). We evaluated whether low-dose niacin supplementation can improve dyslipidemia, lower serum phosphorus levels, and be administered with a low frequency of adverse effects in patients with CKD. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical records of patients with CKD who had taken niacin from January 2009 to June 2011. We excluded patients with CKD stage 1 and 5. We then enrolled 31 patients with CKD who had taken niacin at a fixed dose of 500mg/day for 6 months. We also randomly selected 30 patients with CKD who had been taking statin for 9 months as a control group. RESULTS: Among the 34 patients with CKD who were prescribed niacin, five (14%) complained of adverse effects, and three (8%) discontinued niacin. The proportion of patients in the niacin group who had been taking a statin or omega-3 fatty acids was 67.7% and 48.8%, respectively. In the niacin group, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level was significantly increased and triglyceride level was significantly decreased at 12 and 24 weeks compared with baseline levels (P < 0.05). In the niacin group, phosphorous level (P < 0.05) was significantly decreased, and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was significantly increased (P < 0.05) at 24 weeks compared with baseline values. CONCLUSION: Low-dose niacin had a low frequency of adverse effects and also improved dyslipidemia, lowered serum phosphorus level, and increased GFR in patients with CKD. Further studies are needed to evaluate the long-term effects of low-dose niacin for renal progression of CKD.

Effects of low-dose niacin on dyslipidemia and serum phosphorus in patients with chronic kidney disease

BACKGROUND: Niacin supplementation improves dyslipidemia and lowers serum phosphorus levels in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). We evaluated whether low-dose niacin supplementation can improve dyslipidemia, lower serum phosphorus levels, and be administered with a low frequency of adverse effects in patients with CKD. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical records of patients with CKD who had taken niacin from January 2009 to June 2011. We excluded patients with CKD stage 1 and 5. We then enrolled 31 patients with CKD who had taken niacin at a fixed dose of 500mg/day for 6 months. We also randomly selected 30 patients with CKD who had been taking statin for 9 months as a control group. RESULTS: Among the 34 patients with CKD who were prescribed niacin, five (14%) complained of adverse effects, and three (8%) discontinued niacin. The proportion of patients in the niacin group who had been taking a statin or omega-3 fatty acids was 67.7% and 48.8%, respectively. In the niacin group, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level was significantly increased and triglyceride level was significantly decreased at 12 and 24 weeks compared with baseline levels (P < 0.05). In the niacin group, phosphorous level (P < 0.05) was significantly decreased, and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was significantly increased (P < 0.05) at 24 weeks compared with baseline values. CONCLUSION: Low-dose niacin had a low frequency of adverse effects and also improved dyslipidemia, lowered serum phosphorus level, and increased GFR in patients with CKD. Further studies are needed to evaluate the long-term effects of low-dose niacin for renal progression of CKD.

Resistive index as a predictor of acute kidney injury caused by an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin II receptor blocker in chronic kidney disease patients

BACKGROUND: Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) may induce acutekidney injury (AKI).The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of the resistive index (RI), which reflects renal artery resistance on renal duplex ultrasonography, as a predictor of AKI in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients who are prescribed an ACE inhibitor or ARB. METHODS: We screened 105 CKD patients evaluated with renal duplex ultrasonography from 2008 to 2012. We excluded patients not treated with ACE inhibitor or ARB and diagnosed with renal artery stenosis. Finally, we retrospectively analyzed the medical records of 54 patients. AKI was defined as increased serum creatinine by >30% compared with baseline after starting ACE inhibitor or ARB treatment. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 60.5+/-13.0 years, serum creatinine level was 1.85+/-0.85 mg/dL and 22.2% of the patients had AKI after the use of an ACE inhibitor or ARB. The RI (P=0.006) and the percentages of patients with diabetes (P=0.008)and using diuretics (P=0.046) were higher in the AKI group.The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve for the prediction of AKI was 0.736 (95% confidence interval=0.587-0.885, P=0.013),and RI> or =0.80 predicted AKI with 83.3% sensitivity and 61.9% specificity. In the multivariate analysis, RI> or =0.80 was an independent prognostic factor [Exp (B)=8.03, 95% confidence interval=1.14-56.74, P=0.037] for AKI. CONCLUSION: RI> or =0.80 on the renal duplex ultrasonography may be a helpful predictor for AKI in CKD patients who are prescribed an ACE inhibitor or ARB.

Correlation between periodontitis and chronic kidney disease in Korean adults

BACKGROUND: Periodontitis and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are important health issues; however,the association between periodontitis and CKD markers, especially in Korean adults,remains elusive. METHODS: Data on 15,729 Korean adults were obtained from the Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Surveys IV and V. The CKD markers included a decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR;<60 mL/min/1.73m2), proteinuria, and hematuria. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals were measured using stepwise multivariate logistic regression analyses for CKD markers based on the presence of periodontitis. RESULTS: Patients with periodontitis had greater unadjusted ORs for CKD markers compared to those without periodontitis, as follows: decreased eGFR,4.07(3.11-5.33); proteinuria, 2.12(1.48-3.05); and hematuria, 1.25 (1.13-1.39, all P<0.001). Periodontitis was a significant predictor of decreased eGFR independent of allcovariates [1.39 (1.03-1.89), P=0.034]. However, the effect of periodontitis on decreased eGFR seemed to be affected by hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Periodontitis was not an independent predictor of proteinuria; the significance disappeared after adjusting for hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Periodontitis was significantly correlated with hematuria, leading to similar ORs regardless of the adjustment for covariates[1.29 (1.15-1.46), P<0.001]. CONCLUSION: This study confirms the correlation between periodontitis and CKD markers, including decreased eGFR, proteinuria, and hematuria in Korean adults.

Pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus according to body composition in recipients of kidney transplants

BACKGROUND: Currently, the dosage of tacrolimus used after transplantation is based on the patient's body weight. However, there is a low correlation between body weight and body composition in kidney transplant recipients. In this study, we evaluate the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus according to body composition in 18 Korean kidney transplant recipients with stable graft function. METHODS: Body composition parameters were calculated using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Pharmacokinetic profiles were determined 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours after treatment with tacrolimus and were compared between high- and low-level median body composition groups. The values of C0, C1, C2, C3, and C4 were used in determining an abbreviated area under the curve (AUC) for tacrolimus. RESULTS: The mean body mass index (BMI) and body composition values were as follows: BMI, 24.3 kg/m2; lean mass, 49.8 kg; and fat mass, 17.4 kg. There were no statistical differences in pharmacokinetic profiles between groups with different BMIs. However, the C0 and C4 in the high-fat group were significantly elevated compared with those of the low-fat group (P=0.024 and 0.031, respectively). Furthermore, the C0, C2, C3, and C4 and the AUC were significantly different between the two lean mass groups (P=0.007, 0.038, 0.047, 0.015, and 0.015, respectively). Other variables, such as waist circumference and arm muscle circumference, did not differentiate between the pharmacokinetic profiles of tacrolimus. CONCLUSION: Taken together, these data suggest that tacrolimus dose monitoring based on body composition may provide adequate dosage leading to favorable long-term outcomes.

Comparison of Vascular Calcification Scores on Plain Radiographs to Predict Coronary Artery Disease According to Dialysis Modality / 대한신장학회지

PURPOSE: Vascular calcification (VC) scores on simple plain radiographic films are known to be associated with coronary artery disease (CAD) in hemodialysis (HD) patients. However, there is no report comparing VC scores on plain radiographic films according to dialysis modality. We hypothesized that there are some differences of VC scores on plain radiographs for the assessment of CAD according to dialysis modality. METHODS: We recruited 78 peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients and compared to 61 HD patients. We defined significant VC as any one finding among the abdominal aortic calcification (AAC) score > or =5, VC score of the hands and pelvis > or =3, or medial artery calcification of the feet on plain radiographs. RESULTS: The prevalence of CAD and significant VC were not different according to dialysis modality. Every VC score on the plain radiographs was highly correlated with each other, but VC evaluation on plain radiographs by single method overlooked nearly 30% of other significant VC sites in PD and HD patients. AAC score was most useful method for the prediction of CAD as a single VC scoring method. There was no association between VC of the feet and CAD in PD patients. Lower high density lipoprotein cholesterol was associated with significant VC on plain radiograph in PD patients. CONCLUSION: Significant VC formation on plain radiographs was not different according to dialysis modality. It is helpful to check several plain radiographs for the decision of CAD evaluation and not overlooking significant VC in both HD and PD patients.

Quantification of Serum Free RNA as a Predictive Biomarker for the Response to Chemotherapy in Patients with Lung Cancer: A Pilot Study / 결핵및호흡기질환

BACKGROUND: It is well-known that cell-free nucleic acids rise in patients with many types of malignancies. Several recent experimental studies using cancer cell lines have shown that changes in cell-free RNA are predictive of the response to chemotherapy. The objective of this study was to determine whether quantification of free RNA can be used as a biomarker for clinical responses to chemotherapy in patients with lung cancer. METHODS: Thirty-two patients with lung cancer (non-small cell lung cancer, n=24; small cell lung cancer, n=8) were divided into 2 groups according to their responses to chemotherapy (response group, n=19; non-response group, n=13). Blood samples were collected before and after two cycles of chemotherapy. Real-time quantitative RT-PCR was used for transcript quantification of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene. RESULTS: The pre chemotherapy values (Response group 41.36+/-1.72 vs. Non-response group 41.33+/-1.54, p=0.78) and post chemotherapy values (Response group 39.92+/-1.81 vs. Non-response group 40.41+/-1.47, p=0.40) for cell free RNA concentrations, expressed as Ct GAPDH (threshold cycle glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene) levels, was not different between the two groups. There was no significant relationship between changes in the cell free RNA level clinical responses after chemotherapy (p=0.43). CONCLUSION: We did not find a correlation between quantification of serum cell free RNA levels and clinical responses to chemotherapy in patients with lung cancer. Further investigations are needed to determine whether the cell free RNA level is a useful predictor of responses to chemotherapy in patients with lung cancer.

Prevalence of Primary Glomerulonephritis: A Single Center Analysis / 대한신장학회지

PURPOSE: To evaluate the exact prevalence of primary glomerular diseases in Korea. METHODS: We analyzed a retrospective cohort of biopsy proven 1,100 patients with primary glomerular disease in OO Hospital from April 1990 to March 2010. RESULTS: Pathologic diagnosises of 1,100 cases were as follows: IgA nephropathy (IgAN), 557 cases (50.6%), was the most common followed by 200 cases (18.1%) of minor glomerular abnormalities (MGA), 168 cases (15.2%) of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), 93 cases (8.0%) of membranous nephropathy (MN), 31 cases (2.8%) of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type I (MPGN), 17 cases (1.5%) of focal glomerulonephritis and 7 cases (0.6%) of diffuse mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis (DMGN) in order. In idiopathic nephrotic syndrome, the most common pathologic diagnosis was minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS) (40.2%), followed by FSGS (27.5%), MN (24.2%), MPGN (8.1%) and DMGN (0.5%). When the incidence rates between 1990-1992 and 2008-2010 were compared, IgAN and FSGS increased from 34.7, 12.5 to 47.8%, 30.4%, but MCNS (from 33.3 to 6.5 %) decreased significantly. CONCLUSION: IgAN was the most common primary glomerulonephritis. During the past 20 years, the prevalence of IgAN and FSGS were increased, while MCNS and MN were decreased.

A Case of Nephrotic Syndrome with Acute Renal Failure Induced by Tramadol HCl/Acetaminophen / 대한신장학회지

Analgesics are used commonly because of their beneficial effects on various disease processes and pain control, and so the population of patients who are at risk for adverse effects of these drugs is rapidly expanding. A number of renal problems have been associated with the use of these drugs, including electrolyte imbalance, acute renal failure, nephrotic syndrome, and interstitial nephritis. We experienced a 65-year-old female patient who developed general edema and oliguria for 4 days and diagnosed as focal segmental glomerulosclerosis with interstitial nephritis. She had taken tramadol HCl/acetaminophen (Ultracet(R)) for 15 days before admission. Renal biopsy revealed that focal tubular atropy, focal interstitial fibrosis and evidence of diffuse inflammatory cell infiltrations. Tramadol HCl/acetaminophen (Ultracet(R)) was discontinued on admission because of the likelihood the renal disease was drug-related and the patient improved after discontinuation of this drug without remained renal damage. This case suggests that Ultracet(R) must be an agent that causes nephrotic syndrome with acute renal failure. Therefore clinicians should use it with caution in high risk patients.

Prognosis of IgA Nephropathy with No Proteinuria on Routine Urinalysis / 대한신장학회지

PURPOSE: In patients with IgA nephropathy, more than 1 g/day of proteinuria is a risk factor to develop end-stage renal failure. Uncommonly, patients with IgA nephropathy exhibit negative proteinuria on routine dipstick test during follow-up examination, spontaneously or after use of ACEI or ARB. We evaluated whether no proteinuric patients have good prognosis or not. METHODS: 41 patients who had no proteinuria on routine urinalysis for more than 6 months, were classified into spontaneous remission group (25 cases, SR) without any treatment and drug-induced remission group (16 cases, DR) with treatment of ACEI/ARB or both, were analyzed for clinical findings and renal function, retrospectively. We examined spot urine protein/creatinine ratio (Up/c) to evaluate exact amount of proteinuria and GFR was estimated by MDRD equation. RESULTS: Twenty eight percent of cases in SR and 50 percent in DR showed spot Up/c 0.3-1 g/g. After follow-up of 58+/-41 (9-192) months in SR and 79+/-56 (35-192) months in DR, the stages of CKD shifted to advanced levels as follows; in SR group, 11, 10, 4 patients in stage 1 (GFR> or =90 ml/min/ 1.73m2), 2 (GFR 60-89 ml/min/1.73m2), 3 (GFR 30-59 ml/min/1.73m2) to 7, 13, 5 patients, respectively; in DR, 7, 8, 1 patients in stage 1, 2, 3 to 3, 8, 5 patients, respectively. There was a tendency of slow decreasing GFR in both groups but no case progressed to CKD stage 4 and 5. CONCLUSION: Of IgA nephropathy patients with no proteinuria on routine urinalysis, 30-50% of patients have proteinuria 0.3-1.0 g/g on spot Up/c and there was also a risk of progression.